Zaúdhán
Natively known as: Zaúdhán /ˈzaʊðɑn/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...ya ní zhaa tuflíd fawrpiívót koola ya kaaz ji zhaa kuub mab kaaz
Pronunciation: /ja nɪ ʒaː ˈtuflɪd fɔɹˈpɪːvət ˈkoːla ja kaːz ʤi ʒaː kuːb mab kaːz/
Zaúdhán word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w z ð ŋ ɣ ɹ ʃ ʒ ʔ ʤ ʧ θ/ [tbody] [/tbody]| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |||||
| Affricate | ʧ ʤ | ||||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ɣ | h | |||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | w | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
Vowel inventory: /a aɪ aʊ aː e eɪ eː i iː o oː u uː æ ɑ ɔ ɔɪ ɔː ə əː ɛ ɛː ɪ ɪː ʊ ʊː ʌ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, ɔɪ[tbody] [/tbody]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | u uː | |
| Near-high | ɪ ɪː | ʊ ʊː | |
| High-mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Mid | ə əː | ||
| Low-mid | ɛ ɛː | ʌ ɔ ɔː | |
| Near-low | æ | ||
| Low | a aː | ɑ |
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, w, z, ð, ŋ, ɣ, ɹ, ʃ, ʒ, ʔ, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bt, bɹ, d, f, fl, fɹ, g, gm, h, j, jk, k, kn, kp, ks, l, m, n, nf, nt, nz, p, pl, s, t, tg, tk, ts, tw, v, w, z, ð, ŋ, ŋg, ɣ, ɹ, ɹp, ɹs, ɹv, ʃ, ʒ, ʔ, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Word final consonants: b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, z, ð, ɣ, ɹ, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, θ Phonological changes (in order of application):
- b → β / V_V
- C → Ø / s_#
- j → g / _#
- oɣ → ɔːw / _V
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| aɪ | ie |
| aʊ | ou |
| eɪ | ay |
| j | y |
| ð | dh |
| ŋ | ng |
| ɑ | á |
| ɔ | aw |
| ɔɪ | oi |
| ə | ó |
| ɛ | é |
| ɣ | g̀ |
| ɪ | í |
| ɹ | r |
| ʃ | sh |
| ʊ | ú |
| ʌ | û |
| ʒ | zh |
| ʔ | ’ |
| ʤ | j |
| ʧ | ch |
| ː | double vowel |
| θ | th |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Noun
[tbody] [/tbody]| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Definite | If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -ʊːs kuusuús /ˈkuːsʊːs/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -h
Else: Suffix -ɔːh kuusawh /ˈkuːsɔːh/ |
| Indefinite | Suffix -a
kuusa /ˈkuːsa/ |
Suffix -u
kuusu /ˈkuːsu/ |
Nouns have five cases: Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man. Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog. Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man. Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog. Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
[tbody] [/tbody]| Nominative | No affix
kuus /kuːs/ |
| Accusative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -æk kuusæk /ˈkuːsæk/ |
| Genitive | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃɛ
Else: Suffix -æʃɛ kuusæshé /kuːˈsæʃɛ/ |
| Dative | Suffix -aɪd
kuusaíd /ˈkuːsaɪd/ |
| Locative | If starts with vowel: Prefix ɔɪtk-
Else: Prefix ɔɪtki- awítkikuus /ɔɪtˈkikuːs/ |
Pronouns
[tbody] [/tbody]| Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Locative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | shoó /ʃəː/
I |
bo /bo/
me |
mii /miː/
my, mine |
i /i/
to me |
ta /ta/ |
| 2nd singular | jud /ʤud/
you |
ug /ug/
you |
thûth /θʌθ/
your, yours |
mo /mo/
to you |
zhawb /ʒɔb/ |
| 3rd singular masc | ní /nɪ/
he, it |
dut /dut/
him, it |
zhaa /ʒaː/
his, its |
fii /fiː/
to him |
pa /pa/ |
| 3rd singular fem | kaw /kɔː/
she, it |
shách /ʃɑʧ/
her, it |
heé /hɛː/
her, hers, its |
yi /ji/
to her |
chaa /ʧaː/ |
| 1st plural | goó /gəː/
we |
’aw /ʔɔː/
us |
luu /luː/
our, ours |
dhú /ðʊ/
to us |
mawdh /mɔð/ |
| 2nd plural | guú /gʊː/
you (all) |
’eé /ʔɛː/
you (all) |
loos /loːs/
your, yours (all) |
mat /mat/
to you (all) |
ngawís /ŋɔɪs/ |
| 3rd plural | mal /mal/
they |
ngi /ŋi/
them |
haw /hɔː/
their, theirs |
ji /ʤi/
to them |
lóh /ləh/ |
Verbs
[tbody] [/tbody]| Present | No affix
náee /ˈnɑeː/ |
| Past | Suffix -ɛd
náeeéd /nɑˈeːɛd/ |
| Future | If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix gaɪ- gaínáee /gaɪˈnɑeː/ |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying, and habitual actions, such as I study (every night). It is indicated with the word: [tbody] [/tbody]| Imperfect particle | tun /tun/
imperfect particle |
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix aː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʤa-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -æʧ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹ
Else: Suffix -əːɹ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ɪ-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix gaɪ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹ
Else: Suffix -ɔɪɹ
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Suffix -æ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹviː
Else: Suffix -iɹviː
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix mo-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix atw-
Else: Prefix atwə-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɪː
Diminutive = Suffix -o
Augmentative = Prefix biː-
Geographical Distribution
Commonly used in Lunae empire.
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